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Tuesday, 26 February 2008 |
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Clean water has been a concern nationwide since the early 1970's. In 1972, the U.S. Congress adopted the Clean Water Act to protect the waters of the nation. Through this act, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and corresponding state agencies were given the responsibility to regulate activities that threaten the quality of the nation's water resources. In the Federal Clean Water Act, Congress adopted a comprehensive water policy for the nation and set as a national goal the elimination of pollutant discharges to the navigable waters of the U.S. by 1985. An interim goal was set to insure that all navigable waters would be fishable and swimmable by 1983. To reach these goals, the U.S. Congress established a regulatory framework: - No one has the right to pollute the navigable waters of the United States. Dischargers are required to obtain permits.
- Permits shall set limits on the concentration of the pollutants being discharged. A violation of the limits carries a penalty of fines or imprisonment.
- The best technology available shall be used to control the discharge of pollutants.
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Last Updated ( Thursday, 03 July 2008 )
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Tuesday, 26 February 2008 |
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There are ultimately two different ways so as to treat and clean water. The most popular and economical way is by filtering water. Filters remove impurities in water by filtering them out and capturing them before the water is consumed. With the presence of a new technology, much in use today by beverage bottling companies and pharmaceutical firms, there is another way to treat and clean water. It is called reverse osmosis technology. This is quite a significant advance in how to treat water because unlike the filtering process, here water is treated at the molecular level. By using water treatment equipment that utilizes reverse osmosis, let it be ensured that all impurities in your water will be removed. This includes excessive salts, micro-organisms, and other products left behind by disinfection products and chemical toxins. |
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Last Updated ( Thursday, 03 July 2008 )
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Saturday, 23 February 2008 |
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Using AutoCAD with an external relational database environment, Bentley's AutoPLANT P&ID creates intelligent plant schematics. With it, engineers can learn more about their plant design in a fraction of the time required to study hundreds of layout drawings or 3D models.
This cost-efficient application reduces the design and documentation time for capturing process information for system design and
plant studies (such as HAZOP studies), ensuring compliance to OSHA 1910 and ISO standards. Through its scaleable design, AutoPLANT P&ID is suitable for large, midsized and small engineering companies and plant operators, providing a key tool for the lifecycle design and documentation of process plants.
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Last Updated ( Thursday, 03 July 2008 )
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Saturday, 16 February 2008 |
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Sewage is the wastewater released by residences, businesses and industries in a community. It is 99.94 percent water, with only 0.06 percent of the wastewater dissolved and suspended solid material. The cloudiness of sewage is caused by suspended particles which in untreated sewage ranges from 100 to 350 mg/l. A measure of the strength of the wastewater is biochemical oxygen demand, or BOD5. The BOD5 measures the amount of oxygen microorganisms require in five days to break down sewage. Untreated sewage has a BOD5 ranging from 100 mg/l to 300 mg/l. Pathogens or disease-causing organisms are present in sewage. Coliform bacteria are used as an indicator of disease-causing organisms. Sewage also contains nutrients (such as ammonia and phosphorus), minerals, and metals. Ammonia can range from 12 to 50 mg/l and phosphorus can range from 6 to 20 mg/l in untreated sewage. Primary TreatmentPrimary treatment is the second step in treatment and separates suspended solids and greases from wastewater. Waste-water is held in a quiet tank for several hours allowing the particles to settle to the bottom and the greases to float to the top. The solids drawn off the bottom and skimmed off the top receive further treatment as sludge. The clarified wastewater flows on to the next stage of wastewater treatment. Clarifiers and septic tanks are usually used to provide primary treatment. Secondary TreatmentSecondary treatment is a biological treatment process to remove dissolved organic matter from wastewater. Sewage microorganisms are cultivated and added to the wastewater. The microorganisms absorb organic matter from sewage as their food supply. Three approaches are used to accomplish secondary treatment; fixed film, suspended film and lagoon systems. |
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Last Updated ( Thursday, 03 July 2008 )
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Wastewater Treatment 
