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Aerial view of the ice sheet of Greenland. David Fisher and his team will carry out their drilling in the north-west of Greenland. Aerial view of the ice sheet of Greenland. David Fisher and his team will carry out their drilling in the north-west of Greenland.

The archaeology confirms that the Vikings marched on Greenland a thousand years ago. But what we found 100 000 years before them? And how to know? During International Polar Year (IPY), David Fisher, head of the section of glaciology at Natural Resources Canada (NRCan), will lead a Canadian team that will try to answer these questions.

The ice sheet of Greenland contains some of the oldest ice undisturbed on the planet: his training back to the era eemienne, there are over 131 000 years. The sample taken from the ice sheet in Greenland for David represent a unique opportunity to study more than 100 000 years of climate history.

Before the current interglacial period, which lasts from 10 000 years, the last interglacial period took place during the era eemienne. The results of previous studies have enabled scientists to conclude that the climate then, even if it resembles the climate of today, was warmer by about 3 or 4 degrees. With the current concerns about climate change and global warming, the possibility of studying the conditions of the era eemienne is an irresistible invitation. The data buried in the ice sheet in Greenland could explain the climatic cycle, and we provide valuable clues about our changing world.

(2) A comparative study of the structure (number of species abundance, biomass, trophic groups), operation (web) and the evolution of populations fauna / flora associated with these habitats, with and without oysters (several levels recovery being considered). The sampling will be carried out to characterize the different biocenoses (hard substrates and substrates furniture) in which proliferate each oysters biocoenosis for several sites will be selected to apprehend variability intersites. Different types of exposure to bedrock (housed, semi-housed, beaten) will be taken into account for this characterization of impacts on biodiversity and stand structure.

(3) characterization of the variability of the diet (method of stable isotopes of C and N) in the context of the functional trophic interspecies competition. It is proposed to characterize the isotopic signature oyster Crassostrea gigas and species of crustaceans cirripèdes associated with natural substrates of different sites studied. The hypothesis tested is "competition between these trophic suspension is it constant regardless of the environment trophic?" Test of the influence of seasonality and space.

Results Expected: Identification of the area and carried out ecological definition of potential ecological species on the Channel-Atlantic coasts. Implications in terms of habitats within the meaning of the European Habitats Directive.

"The American type spends more than 1 500 hours per year to his car: there is seated, moving or stationary, he worked for pay, pay for gasoline, tires, tolls, the insurance, fines and taxes. He spends four hours a day in his car, it will serve, it occupies or works for her. " This observation of Ivan Illich is perhaps among all ideas protesters of industrial society that has defended, and they were numerous, one that has proved to be more accurate in our highly urbanized societies, speed automobile is, in large part, a decoy. The hypermobility eventually kill mobility!
Energy and equity, the booklet fifty-eight pages on "energy thresholds beyond which is corrupting effect" of the automobile, will mark the deeply critical of the thermo-industrial society (one of the engines ) That Rene Dumont called "society of the private car." Illich argued that beyond a certain threshold, energy consumption increases at the expense of equity. Defying the prevailing thought until the provocation, the father of the movement "cyclo-environmentalist" wrote: "Between free men, social relationships are productive at the pace of a bicycle, not faster."

Co-founders of the association The World cycling in Montreal in 1975, Robert Silverman and Claire Morissette (two wheels, a future, ed. Ecosociété, Montreal) and Equity Energy designate as their "reference book." In the Four Wheels of Fortune (Seuil, 1970), Alfred Sauvy qualify for its share of the automobile "great sovereign" against whom any action is "a crime of lese-majesty punishable by up ostracized" . In this absolutism of the four-wheeled motorized, defenders of the little queen are trouble-party, even dangerous "vélorutionnaires."

The proposal to Illich? "Living otherwise to live better," explained Jean-Pierre Dupuis in his tribute to the philosopher who died last December: "[This is not] as if we had to arbitrate between the pleasure of an exquisite dishes and associated risks. No, is that the food is intrinsically bad, and that we would be happier to distract us from him. " A History "Paris adapt to the car", the movement responded by willingly formulas shocks: "For a world without cars!"